A
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Accelerated testing: Studies designed to increase the rate of chemical
degradation or physical change of a drug substance or drug product by using
exaggerated storage conditions as part of the formal stability studies. Data
from these studies, in addition to long term stability studies, can be used
to assess longer term chemical effects at non-accelerated conditions and to
evaluate the effect of short term excursions outside the label storage
conditions such as might occur during shipping. Results from accelerated
testing studies are not always predictive of physical changes.
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Acceptance
criteria: Numerical limits, ranges, or other suitable
measures for acceptance of the results of analytical procedures.
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Accuracy: The
accuracy of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of agreement
between the value which is accepted either as a conventional true value or an
accepted reference value and the value found. This is sometimes termed
trueness.
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Active Ingredient: An Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is the chemical substance contained in a
pharmaceutical dosage form, which is responsible for its therapeutic effect.
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Active Substance Master
File (ASMF)/Drug Master File (DMF): Is a document
containing complete information on an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)
or finished drug dosage form. It
is known as European Drug Master File (EDMF) or Active Substance Master File
(ASMF) and US-Drug Master file (US-DMF) in Europe and United States respectively.
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Adverse Reaction (Adverse Drug Reaction, ADR): An
adverse drug reaction is a response to a medicinal product which is noxious
and unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the
prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the restoration,
correction or modification of physiological function. (WHO, 1972).
An adverse drug reaction, contrary to an
adverse event, is characterized by the suspicion of a causal relationship
between the medicine and the occurrence, i.e. judged as being at least
possibly related to treatment by the reporting or a reviewing health
professional.
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Aerobic Microorganism: A
microorganism that utilizes oxygen as the final electron acceptor during
metabolism: a microorganism that will grow primarily in the presence of
Oxygen.
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Aerosol: Air suspension of solid
or liquid particles having a volume median diameter of less than 50 µm. The
small size of the droplets or particles allows entry to the body via the
respiratory tract and readily contaminates clothing, skin and eyes
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Agglomeration: Adherence
of particles in to a larger mass due to moisture, static charge or chemical
or mechanical binding.
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Aggregation: Accumulation
or collection of particles in to larger units.
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ALCOA: Acronym referring to Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous,
Original and Accurate.
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ALCOA +: Acronym referring to
Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original and Accurate ‘plus’
Complete, Consistent, Enduring, and Available.
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Amorphous: Solid substances that are not crystals.
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Analgesic: A medication that
reduces or eliminates pain.
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Angle of repose: Angle of repose
is the greatest angle form the horizontal that a heap of material will remain
stationary.
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Analytical
Procedure: The
analytical procedure refers to the way of performing the analysis. It should
describe in detail the steps necessary to perform each analytical test. This
may include but is not limited to: the sample, the reference standard and the
reagents preparations, use of the apparatus, generation of the calibration
curve, use of the formulae for the calculation, etc.
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Anemometer: Anemometer
is an instrument used to measure air flow velocity.
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Antacid: An
agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity.
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Antiemetics: Drugs
used to treat nausea & Vomiting.
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Anti
flatulent: Any agent that reduces intestinal gas.
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Antineoplastics: Drugs
used to treat cancer.
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Antimicrobial
Resistance: Antimicrobial resistance corresponds to the emergence and
spread of microbes that are resistant to cheap and effective first-choice, or
"first-line" antimicrobial drugs. The bacterial infections which
contribute most to human disease are also those in which emerging and
microbial resistance is most evident: diarrheal diseases, respiratory tract
infections, meningitis, sexually transmitted infections, and
hospital-acquired infections. Some important examples include
penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia, vancomycin-resistant
enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multi-resistant
salmonellae, and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development
of resistance to drugs commonly used to treat malaria is of particular
concern, as is the emerging resistance to anti-HIV drugs.
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Antipyretic: A
medication that reduces body temperature or pain.
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Anaerobic
Organism: A microorganism that does not utilize oxygen
as the final electron acceptor during metabolism:microorganism that will grow
only in the absence of Oxygen.
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Analyte: Substance
for which analysis is being performed.
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Annual
Product Quality Review (APQR): APQR is
overall review of the product manufactured during the whole calendar year ,
for all the parameters including critical parameters and trend of the
batches .
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1. ANDA: An
application to market a generic drug in the USA. The application does not
contain extensive preclinical (pharmacology & toxicology) or clinical
data. Instead an ANDA for a typical tablet or capsule relies on therapeutic
equivalence to the innovator product (or reference listed product), together with
an extensive CMC section.
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Aseptic
Filling: The part of aseptic processing where a pre
sterilized product is filled and / or packed in to sterile containers and
closed.
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Aseptic
Processing: Handling sterile materials in a controlled
environment, in which the air supply, facility, materials, equipment and
personnel are regulated to control microbial and particulate contamination to
acceptable levels.
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Aseptic
Process Simulation: A means for establishing the capability of an aseptic
process as performed using a growth medium.
Note:
Aseptic processing simulations are understood to be synonymous with media
fills, process simulations, simulated product fills, broth trials, broth
fills etc.
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At-rest: Condition where the
installation is complete with equipment installed and operating in a manner
agreed upon by the customer and supplier, but with no personnel present.
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Audit trail: Audit trail means a secure,
computer-generated, time-stamped electronic record that allows for
reconstruction of the course of events relating to the creation,
modification, or deletion of an electronic record. For example, the audit
trail for a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) run should include
the user name, date/time of the run, the integration parameters used, and details
of a reprocessing, if any. Documentation should include change justification
for the reprocessing.
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B
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BAN Book: The British Approved Names (BAN) book
is the official dictionary of drugs names for regulatory use in the UK. The
BAN book is published by British Pharmacopoeia publication every 5 years and
supplements are published annually.
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Bar code: A way of labelling a product with a
description and batch information using a series of lines of various
thickness that is read by a scanner.
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Batch (or Lot): A specific quantity of material produced in a
process or series of processes so that it is expected to be homogeneous
within specified limits. In the case of continuous production, a
batch may correspond to a defined fraction of the production. The batch
size can be defined either by a fixed quantity or by the amount produced in a
fixed time interval.
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BET: A toxin that forms an integral part of the cell wall
of certain bacteria and is only released upon destruction of the bacterial
cell. Endotoxins are less potent and less specific than most exotoxins and do
not form toxoids. Also called intracellular toxin.
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Binder: An excipient used to increase powder cohesiveness, which
increases the bonding strength of the final product. In wet granulation, they
help to form agglomerates.
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Binding: Difficulty in ejection of tablets from a die
after compression. Binding is evident as excessive ejection force, and it can
sometimes be heard as a “sqeaking” noise during tableting. In extreme cases
binding can result in tablet lamination. Increase in the amount of lubricant
(magnesium stearate or talc) is a potential solution, as is proper
maintenance and polishing of the dies. If this is not feasible then coated or
tapered dies are available that can reduce the friction during ejection.
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Bioavailability: A measure of the fraction of a drug that enters the
systemic blood circulation after oral administration. The usual measure is
the ratio of the AUC of two different formulations of the same drug,
corrected for dose.
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Bioburden: The level and type (e.g. objectionable or not) of
micro-organisms that can be present in raw materials, API starting materials,
intermediates or APIs. Bioburden should not be considered contamination
unless the levels have been exceeded or defined objectionable organisms have
been detected.
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Bioequivalence: A high degree of similarity in the bioavailabilities
of two pharmaceutical products (of the same galenic form) from the same molar
dose, that are unlikely to produce clinically relevant differences in
therapeutic effects, or adverse effects, or both
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Biologicals: Products which cannot be tested adequately by
chemical means such as vaccines.
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Biological Indicator
(BI): A population of microorganisms inoculated onto a
suitable medium (e.g., solution, container or closure) and placed within
appropriate sterilizer load locations to determine the sterilization cycle
efficacy of a physical or chemical process. The challenge
microorganism is selected based upon its resistance to the given process.
Incoming lot D-value and microbiological count define the quality of the BI.
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Biopharmaceutical
Classification System (BCS): A system of classification of drugs based on their
solubility and their permeability through the gut wall. The system was
introduced by Professor Gordon Amidon in 1995. A soluble drug is one whose
highest dose is soluble in 250ml or less of aqueous media over the pH range 1
to 7,5. A permeable drug is one that is more than 90% absorbed from the human
gut. Permeability may be determined using in vitro model systems. The BCS
classes are Class 1: high solubility & high permeability. Class 2 = low
solubility & high permeability. Class 3 = High solubility & low
permeability. Class 4 = low solubility & low permeability.
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Biosimilar: Biosimilar is a version
of an already registered biological medicine that has a demonstrable
similarity in physicochemical, biological and immunological characteristics,
efficacy and safety, based on comprehensive comparability studies.
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Biowaiver: An exemption from the need to perform a clinical
bioequivalence study under certain circumstances. Biowaivers are possible in
the USA, in Europe and in Japan, but the requirements for achieving a
biowaiver differ in these countries. In the USA and Europe the biowaiver is
potentially available for rapidly dissolving formulations of BCS class 1
drugs.
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Blending: Process of mixing the ingredients together to
form a uniform mixture. Blending in solid dose manufacturing has two
objectives; 1) To achieve blend uniformity and 2) to distribute the
lubricant.
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Blister: A cavity formed in film or foil by
heat and or chemical means.
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Blister Pack: A package that
comprises one or more blisters filled with tablets or capsules and sealed
with film or foil lid stock.
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Blow Fill Seal
(BFS): Blow-fill-seal (BFS) technology is an automated
process by which containers are formed, filled, and sealed in a continuous
operation. This manufacturing technology includes economies in container
closure processing and reduced human intervention and is often used for
filling and packaging ophthalmics, respiratory care products, and, less
frequently, injectables.
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BNF: British National Formulary. This is a list of
medicines used in the UK compiled by the British Medical Association and the
Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
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Boroscope: An instrument used to view unseen places such as
internal weld finishes in an enclosed pipe work system.
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Body: the lower part of a two
piece capsule. It is slightly smaller in diameter and longer than cap.
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Body fold: An imperfection in the capsule body
caused by depositing material on it during filling.
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Bolar exception (provision): Many
countries use this provision of the TRIPS Agreement to advance science and
technology. They allow researchers to use a patented invention for research,
in order to understand the invention more fully. In addition, some countries
allow manufacturers of generic drugs to use the patented invention to obtain
marketing approval (for example from public health authorities) without the
patent owner’s permission and before the patent protection expires. The
generic producers can then market their versions as soon as the patent
expires. This provision is sometimes called the “regulatory exception” or
“Bolar” provision.
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BOM: Bill of Materials - is the term used to
describe the raw materials and packaging materials and their quantities
needed to manufacture a final product.
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Bovine: Originating from cattle, used to
describe gelatine made from cattle products.
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: A disease of cattle
(often called 'mad cow disease') caused by an agent that is neither a
bacterium nor a virus.BSE is a fatal neurodegenerative disease which affects
mainly the brain and spinal chord.
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Bowie Dick Test: A test which used to detect air leaks and inadequate air
removal in pre-vacuum type sterilizers.
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Bracketing: The design of a stability schedule such that
only samples on the extremes of certain design factors, e.g., strength,
package size, are tested at all time points as in a full design. The design
assumes that the stability of any intermediate levels is represented by the
stability of the extremes tested. Where a range of strengths is to be tested,
bracketing is applicable if the strengths are identical or very closely
related in composition (e.g., for a tablet range made with different
compression weights of a similar basic granulation, or a capsule range made
by filling different plug fill weights of the same basic composition into
different size capsule shells). Bracketing can be applied to different container
sizes or different fills in the same container closure system.
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Brand Name Drug: A brand name drug is a drug marketed under a
proprietary,trade mark protected name.
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Bronchodilators: Drugs that open up the bronchial tubes within
the lungs when the tubes have become narrowed by muscle spasm.
Bronchodilators ease breathing in diseases such as asthma.
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Brittleness: The extent to which a material will break without
undergoing significant elastic or plastic deformation.
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Bubble Point Test: Bubble point is a practical non destructive test
used for confirming the integrity of sterilizing membrane filters and filter
systems.
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Bulk Density: The mass per unit
volume of a material under specified conditions of pressure.
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Bulk Product : Any product which
has completed all processing stages up to, but not including, final
packaging.
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C
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Calibration: The demonstration that a particular instrument or
device produces results within specified limits by comparison with those
produced by a reference or traceable standard over an appropriate range of
measurements.
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Cap: The upper part of a two piece capsule. It is slightly
larger in diameter and shorter than the body.
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CAPA (corrective and preventive action): A
systematic approach that includes actions needed to correct (correction),
avoid recurrence (corrective action) and eliminate the cause of potential
nonconforming product and other quality problems (preventive action).
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Caplet: A tablet shaped like a
capsule to ease swallowing.
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Capping: A fault in tablet making. In capping
the top of the tablet separates from the rest of the tablet. Capping may be
apparent as the tablet is ejected from the die, or occur at some subsequent
stage in tablet processing, for example during coating or friability testing,
or at any other time when the tablet is stressed. Capping is usually
explained in terms of air entrapment in a tablet or in terms or stress relaxation
during decompression. The cures include increasing the compression dwell time
(slowing the machine or adding precompression), decreasing the compaction
force applied or increasing the binding within the tablet. Fractures
that occur between the tablet cup and the band due to poor particle adhesion,
over compression and or insufficient air release during compaction.
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Carcinogen: Agent
(chemical, physical, or biological) that is capable of increasing the
incidence of malignant neoplasms, thus causing cancer.
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CBE (CBE & CBE 30 day Supplement):
Change-Being-Effected Supplement (CBE) - A
submission to an approved application reporting changes that FDA has
identified as having moderate potential to adversely affect the identity,
strength, quality, purity, or potency of a product as they may relate to the
safety or effectiveness of the product. A CBE supplement must be received by
FDA before or concurrently with distribution of the product made using the
change.
Change-Being-Effected-in-30-Days Supplement (CBE-30) - A
submission to an approved application reporting changes that FDA has
identified as having moderate potential to adversely affect the identity,
strength, quality, purity, or potency of a product as they may
relate to the safety or effectiveness of the product. A CBE- 30 supplement
must be received by FDA at least 30 days before distribution of the product
made using the change.
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CBER: Center for Biologics Evaluation and
Research.
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CDER: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
The
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) performs an essential public
health task by making sure that safe and effective drugs are available to
improve the health of people in the United States. As part of the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA), CDER regulates over-the-counter and
prescription drugs, including biological therapeutics and generic drugs.
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Centralized Authorization Procedure (CAP): A
regulatory approval procedure within the European Union (EU). Under the
centralized procedure, companies submit a single marketing authorization
application to the European Medicines Agency. Once granted by the European
Commission, a centralized (or 'Community') marketing authorization is valid
in all European Union (EU) and EEA-EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway).
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CEP: CEP stands for Certification of suitability of European
Pharmacopoeia monographs. COS (“Certificate of Suitability”) means the same
and, even if often used, is not the official acronym.
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CGMP: Current Good Manufacturing Practices.
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Change Control: Change
control is a procedure that ensures changes are implemented in a controlled
and coordinated manner. A change control system provides checks and
balances in the quality system by tracking, reviewing and approving the
changes.
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Change Management: A
systematic approach to proposing, evaluating, approving, implementing and
reviewing changes
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Change Over: The
process of changing production from one product to another. This often
includes clearing the production area of supplies and components, changing
size – specific machine parts, and cleaning the production area and equipment
to eliminate cross contamination.
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Chemistry,
manufacturing and controls (CMC): The
section of an ANDA or NDA where all the data on synthetic chemistry,
impurities, formulation, manufacturing, packaging, specifications, analytical
methods and stability are submitted.
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Child Resistant
Packaging: Child resistant packaging is a special type of
packaging used to reduce the risk of children ingesting dangerous items.
This is often accomplished by the use of a special safety cap.
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Chipping: ‘Chipping’
is defined as the breaking of tablet edges, while the tablet leaves the press
or during subsequent handling and coating operations.
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Classified Area: An
area in which the environment is of specified particulate and
microbial quality. These areas are monitored to ensure that
microbial articulate qualities are maintained. The four types of classified
area’s are as defined in European Good Manufacturing Practices.
Grade A: The
local zone for high risk operations.
Grade B: In
the case of aseptic preparation and filling, the
Background environment for Grade A areas.
Grade C: Clean,
controlled, support areas for carrying out less critical stages of
manufacturing.
Grade D: Clean,
controlled, support areas for carrying out less critical stages of
manufacturing.
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Clastogen: Agent
causing chromosome breakage and (or) consequent gain, loss, or rearrangement of
pieces of chromosomes.
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Clean area (clean room):An area (or room) with
defined environmental control of particulate and microbial contamination,
constructed and used in such a way as to reduce the introduction, generation
and retention of contaminants within the area.
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Clean Hold Time: The time from the
end of a cleaning process until the equipment is used again.
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Clean in place (CIP): A method of
cleansing all contaminants from the interior surfaces of process equipment
without dissembling it.
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Cleaning Validation: A
process giving evidence that the cleaning operation can consistently meet predetermined
standards.
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Climatic zones: The four zones in the world that are distinguished
by their characteristic prevalent annual climatic conditions. This is based
on the concept described by W. Grimm (Drugs Made in Germany,
28:196-202, 1985 and 29:39-47, 1986).
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Clinical Trial
(Clinical Study): A
clinical trial is any systematic study on pharmaceutical products in human
subjects, whether in patients or other volunteers, in order to discover or
verify the effects of, and/or identify any adverse reaction to,
investigational products, and/or to study the absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion of the products with the object of ascertaining
their efficacy and safety. Clinical trials are generally divided into Phases
I-IV. It is not possible to draw clear distinctions between these phases, and
different opinions about details and methodology do exist. However, the
individual phases, based on their purposes as related to the clinical
development of pharmaceutical products, can be briefly defined as follows:
Phase I-
These are the first trials of a new active ingredient or new formulations in
humans, often carried out in healthy volunteers. Their purpose is to make a
preliminary evaluation of safety, and an initial pharmacokinetic/
pharmacodynamic profile of the active ingredient.
Phase II- The purpose of these therapeutic pilot
studies is to determine activity and to assess the short-term safety of the
active ingredient in patients suffering from a disease or condition for which
it is intended. The trials are preformed in a limited number of subjects and
are often, at a later stage, of a comparative (e.g. placebo-controlled)
design. This phase is also concerned with the determination of appropriate
dose ranges/ regimens and (if possible) the clarification of dose-response
relationships in order to provide an optimal background for the design of
extensive therapeutic trials.
Phase III- This phase involves trials in large (and
possibly varied) patient groups for the purpose of determining the short- and
long-term safety-efficacy balance of formulation(s) of the active ingredient,
and assessing its overall and relative therapeutic value. The pattern and
profile of any frequent adverse reactions must be investigated, and special
features of the product must be explored (e.g. clinically relevant drug
interactions, factors leading to differences in effect, such as age). The
trials should preferably be randomized double-blind, but other designs may be
acceptable, e.g. long-term safety studies. In general, the conditions under
which the trials are conducted should be as close as possible to the normal
conditions of use.
Phase IV- In this phase studies are performed after
the pharmaceutical product has been marketed. They are based on the product
characteristics on which the marketing authorization was granted and normally
take the form of post-marketing surveillance, and assessment of therapeutic
value or treatment strategies. Although methods may differ, the same
scientific and ethical standards should apply to Phase IV studies as are
applied in premarketing studies. After a product has been placed on the
market, clinical trials designed to explore new indications, new methods of
administration or new combinations, etc., are normally regarded as trials of
new pharmaceutical products.
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Closed Joined Length: The
length of a hard elatine capsule after it has been filled and completely
closed by a capsule filling machine. Most capsules have a lock that makes
than difficult to open after they have been closed to this length.
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Coating: The process of applying a coat to a tablet or
other dosage form. Coatings are applied for a number of reasons from
aesthetic (colour, identification and ease of handling or swallowing) to
highly functional (delayed and modified release). Aesthetic coatings are
typically based on low viscosity grades of HPMC or PVA, whereas functional
coatings are typically based on methacrylic acid copolymers or cellulose
derivatives such as ethylcellulose.
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Code of federal
regulations (CFR): CFR
is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations.CFR
can be called as administrative law and is published by federal government of
united states.
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Cold Forming: Cold forming is
a technique that does not involve any application of heat. Unlike
the thermoforming method that uses clear PVC, this technique uses
thin sheets of laminate film that contain aluminum. In order to create packaging out of
these sheets, a blister machine will typically use a stamp to force it into a
form. The aluminum-based film will tend to stretch and retain the shape after
the stamp has been removed. This type of blister pack is typically used to
contain pharmaceuticals, since the aluminum-based film tends to prevent
moisture from entering the packaging.
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Colony Forming unit
(CFU): A microbiological term which describes the formation
of a single macroscopic colony after introduction of one (or
more) microorganism(s) to microbiological growth media. One colony
forming unit is expressed as 1 CFU.
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Conductivity: Conductivity is the ability of a
material to pass an electric current. Since the charge on ions in solution
facilitates the conductance of electrical current, the conductivity of the
solution is proportional to its ion concentration.
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Container closure
system: The sum of packaging components that together
contain and protect the dosage form. This includes primary packaging
components and secondary packaging components, if the latter are intended to
provide additional protection to the drug product. A packaging system is
equivalent to a container closure system.
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Combination product: A drug product which contains more than one drug
substance.
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Committee for
Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP): The CHMP is responsible for preparing the European
Medicine Agency's opinions on all questions concerning medicinal products for
human use and plays a vital role in the marketing procedures for medicines in
the European Union: In the 'Community' or 'centralized' procedure, the CHMP
is responsible for conducting the initial assessment of medicinal products
for which a Community-wide marketing authorization is sought. The CHMP is
also responsible for several post-authorization and maintenance activities,
including the assessment of any modifications or extensions ('variations') to
the existing marketing authorization.
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Complete Response
Letter: A written communication to an applicant or DMF
holder from FDA usually describing all of the deficiencies that agency has
identified in an abbreviated application (including pending amendments) or a
DMF that must be satisfactorily addressed before an ANDA can be approved.
Complete response letters will reflect a complete review and will require a
complete response from applicant to restart the review clock.
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Compounding: A process in which a bulk drug substance is combined
with one or more excipients and/or another bulk substance to produce a bulk
product.
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Compression: The process of reducing the bulk volume of a
material by applying external force.
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Compression Mix: The powder processed into tablets on a tablet
machine. A compression mix may be made by wet granulation, dry granulation,
simple blending or any other suitable technique.
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Concurrent Validation: Validation carried out
during routine production of products intended for sale.
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Contamination: The undesired introduction of impurities of a
chemical or microbiological nature, or of foreign matter, into or onto a raw
material, intermediate, or API during production, sampling, packaging or
repackaging, storage or transport.
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Controlled
Correspondence: FDA’s
office of Generic Drugs provides assistance to pharmaceutical firms and
related industry regarding a variety of questions posed as “Controlled
documents”
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Counterfeit Medical
Product: The term counterfeit
medical product describes a product with a false representation of its
identity and/or Source. This applies to the product, its container or other
packaging or labeling information. Counterfeiting can apply to both branded
and generic products.
Counterfeits may include products with correct
ingredients/components, with wrong ingredients/components, without active
ingredients, with incorrect amounts of active ingredients, or with fake
packaging. Violations or disputes concerning patents must not be confused
with counterfeiting of medical products.
Medical products (whether generic or branded) that
are not authorized for marketing in a given country but authorized elsewhere
are not considered counterfeit.
Substandard batches of or quality defects or
non-compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices/Good Distribution Practices
(GMP/GDP) in legitimate medical products must not be confused with
counterfeiting.
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Computer Systems
Validation: (CSV) Confirmation
by examination and provision of objective evidence that computer system
specifications conform to user needs and intended uses, and that all
requirements can be consistently fulfilled.
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CRO: Contract Research Organization
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Critical Area: Area
where sterilized products or containers/closures are
exposed to the environment (i.e aseptic preparation and filling).
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Critical Process Parameter (CPP): A process parameter whose variability has an impact
on a critical quality attribute and therefore should be monitored or
controlled to ensure the process produces the desired quality.
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Critical Quality Attribute (CQA): A physical, chemical,
biological or microbiological property or characteristic that should be
within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to ensure the desired
product quality.
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Cross-Contamination: Contamination of a material or product with another
material or product.
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Concurrent
Validation: Validation
carried out during routine production of products intended for sale.
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Corrective Action: Action to eliminate the cause of a detected
non-conformity or other undesirable situation. NOTE: Corrective action is
taken to prevent recurrence whereas preventive action is taken to prevent
occurrence. (ISO 9000:2005)
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COS: A
certificate provided to the manufacturer by the European Directorate for the
Quality of Medicines & HealthCare to certify that the relevant monograph
in the European Pharmacopoeia adequately controls the substance as
manufactured by the company at the time the certificate was granted.
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CTD: A harmonised layout for the structure and content of
application dossiers applicable to the USA, the European Union and Japan. The
CTD has 5 modules of which module 3 (Quality) contains the chemical and
pharmaceutical section of the dossier.
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D
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D Value: Decimal reduction value
(for biological indicators). The time in minutes required to secure
inactivation of 90% (one log) of the test organisms under stated exposure
conditions.
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Data Exclusivity: Data
exclusivity is the protection of an originator pharmaceutical company’s data
preventing other parties from using these data far a commercial purpose.
Concretely, this protection prevents generic product manufacturers form
proceeding to clinical trials and health authorities from evaluating generic
product market authorization applications during this period. In the European
Union, this period was harmonized to eight years in 2004.
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Data governance: The arrangements to
ensure that data, irrespective of the format in which they are generated, are
recorded, processed, retained and used to ensure the record throughout the
data life cycle.
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Data life cycle: All phases of the
process by which data are created, recorded, processed, modified,
transmitted, reviewed, reported, used, approved, archived and restored until
destruction.
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Data integrity: Refers
to the completeness, consistency, and accuracy of data. Complete, consistent,
and accurate data should be attributable, legible, contemporaneously
recorded, original or a true copy, and accurate (ALCOA). Data integrity is
critical throughout the CGMP data life cycle, including in the creation,
modification, processing, maintenance, archival, retrieval, transmission, and
disposition of data after the record’s retention period ends. System design
and controls should enable easy detection of errors, omissions, and aberrant
results throughout the data’s life cycle.
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Decongestants: Drugs
that reduce swelling of the mucous membranes that line the nose by
contracting blood vessels thus relieving nasal stuffiness.
|
Deduster: A piece of equipment that removes
flashing and dust from solid dosage forms. It is often
combined with a metal detector and installed at the outlet of a
tablet press or capsule filler.
|
Degradation Product: An
impurity resulting from a chemical change in the drug substance brought about over
time and/or by the action of e.g., light, temperature, pH, water, or by
reaction with an excipient and/or the immediate container/closure system.
Also called decomposition product.
|
Delayed Release: A drug product
(typically oral) that is not intended to release the drug substance
immediately after ingestion. The delay is commonly related to change of pH in
the gastrointestinal tract (“enteric coating”) or less commonly may relate to
a specific time after ingestion when the drug is released. Enteric coating is
achieved by coating with polymers that are poorly soluble in low pH media
(for example gastric fluid), but are soluble in media with pH values
typically found lower in the intestine. Methacrylic acid copolymers are very
commonly used for delayed release coatings as they can be supplied in grades
that dissolve at different pH values.
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Desiccant: A highly hygroscopic substance used to
absorb moisture in bottles,vials,blisters and other packing.
|
Design qualification (DQ):The documented verification
that the proposed design of the facilities, systems and
equipment
is suitable for the intended purpose.
|
Depyrogenation: A process used to
destroy or remove pyrogens.
|
Detection Limit: The detection
limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte
in a sample which can be detected but not necessarily quantitated as an exact
value.
|
Deviation: Departure from an approved instruction or
established standard.
|
Die: A circular machine tool with a central cavity in
which powders or granular solids are compacted in to tablet between the upper
and lower punches of a tablet press.
|
Diluent: A component of a tablet or capsule, usually present
to add bulk to the dosage form. The most commonly used diluents include
lactose, microcrystalline cellulose and native or pregelatinised starches.
Dibasic calcium phosphate and mannitol are also used.
|
DIRA: Data Integrity Risk Assessment
|
Direct Compression: A means of producing a tablet without granulation.
The active ingredient is blended with excipients, typically at least a
filler-binder, a disintegrant and a lubricant and then the blend is
compressed on a tablet machine. The filler-binders are usually special grades
of excipients (for example spray dried lactose) exhibiting good flow and compaction
properties to enable the DC process.
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Dirty Hold time: The time from the end of product manufacturing until
the beginning of the cleaning process.
|
Disintegrant: An excipient that facilitates the disintegration of
a tablet or other dosage form in contact with water or gastro-intestinal
fluid. Traditionally starch was used, but in general today’s formulations
utilise a so called superdisintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium or sodium
starch glycolate. Superdisintegrants are typically cross-linked hydrophilic
polymers that strongly attract water. The presence of the cross links allows
swelling, but prevents dissolution of the polymer and generation of high
viscosity gels.
|
Disintegration: The process by which a solid oral dosage form breaks
up in water when measured in a standard apparatus.
|
Dissolution: The process by which drug dissolves out of a
dosage form and is made available for absorption from the gastro-intestinal
tract. In vitro measurements are made in a range of apparatus types. The
requirements for different types of dosage forms are given in each
pharmacopoeia.
|
Diuretics: Drugs that increase the quantity of urine
produced by kidney.
|
Dosage form: A pharmaceutical product type (e.g., tablet,
capsule, solution, cream) that contains a drug substance generally, but not
necessarily, in association with excipients.
|
DOP Test: Dioctyl Phthalate test is a test which used to
check the HEPA filter integrity.
|
Drug master file
(DMF): A DMF is a means of providing data on a processing
facility, drug substance, packaging material or excipient confidentially to
FDA. The data in a DMF can be accessed by FDA in support of an NDA upon
provision of a letter of access (a letter from the DMF holder to the NDA
applicant authorising FDA to access the DMF during their review of a
particular NDA). In Europe there is no DMF system for excipients and in Japan
there is a recently introduced system.
|
Drug product: The dosage form in the final immediate packaging
intended for marketing.
|
Drug substance: The unformulated drug substance that may
subsequently be formulated with excipients to produce the dosage form.
|
Dry granulation: A means of granulation (size enlargement) of a
powder using a compaction step followed by milling. The most common means of
dry granulation in pharmaceutical industry is roller compaction, although the
older process of slugging is still sometimes used. Anhydrous lactose is the
most suitable form of lactose for these processes because it tends to retain
compactability after the dry granulation process.
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E
|
eCTD: The
electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD) is an interface for the transfer
of regulatory information. eCTD is the preferred format for submitting
applications to CDER. It provides support for all application types,
including: • Investigational New Drug Application (IND) • New Drug
Application (NDA) • Biologics License Application (BLA) • Abbreviated New
Drug Application (ANDA) • Drug Master File (DMF)
|
eCTD
Triangle: The eCTD is commonly represented as a triangle that has five
modules: 1. Administrative Information and Prescribing Information 2. Common
Technical Document Summaries 3. Quality 4. Nonclinical Study Reports 5.
Clinical Study Reports
|
EDQM: European
Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare.
|
EMA: European
Medicines Agency. The European Medicines Agency is a decentralised agency of
the European Union, located in Amsterdam. The Agency is responsible for the
scientific evaluation of medicines developed by pharmaceutical companies for
use in the European Union.
|
Embryotoxicity: Production
by a substance of toxic effects in progeny in the first period of pregnancy
between conception and the foetal stage.
|
Enantiomeric
Impurity: A compound with the same molecular formula as the
drug substance that differs in the spatial arrangement of atoms within the
molecule and is a non-superimposable mirror image.
|
Endotoxin: A
pyrogen (eg:lipopolysaccharide) derived from the cell wall of gram
negative bacteria. Endotoxin can lead to reactions in patients receiving
injections ranging from fever to death.
|
Enteric
Coat: A delayed release coating, usually designed to delay
release of the drug from the dosage form until it has reached an area of the
gastro-intestinal tract of a specified pH. Methacrylic acid copolymers are
very commonly used.
|
Equipment
Train: The sequence of equipment
through which a product is produced or processed.
|
Environmental
monitoring Program: Defined documented program which describes the routine
particulate and microbiological monitoring of processing and manufacturing
areas.
|
Excipient: A component of a drug product other than the API,
that is intentionally added to the dosage form to enable processing into
patient friendly medicines, to control the rate at which the API dissolves
from the dosage form, to aid drug stability and other reasons. For solid oral
dosage forms, main classes of excipients include diluents or filler-binders,
disintegrants, glidants, lubricants, coating materials, and stabilising
agents.
|
Exotoxin: An exotoxin is
a toxin secreted by bacteria. An
exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting
normal cellular metabolism.
They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may
be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of
the cell.
|
Expectorant: Drugs that stimulate the flow of
saliva and promotes coughing to eliminate phlegm from the respiratory tract.
|
Expiration date: The date placed on the container label of a drug
product designating the time prior to which a batch of the product is
expected to remain within the approved shelf life specification if stored
under defined conditions, and after which it must not be used
|
Extended Release: A form of modified release dosage form in which the
dissolution rate of the drug from a medicine is controlled over an extended
period of time, usually to reduce the frequency at which a patient has to
take the medicine. A number of means of effecting extended release are
possible, the most common being barrier coating (with for example acrylate
polymers), inclusion of hydrogel polymers (for example hydroxypropyl methyl
cellulose) and construction of osmotic pumps.
|
Extractable: Extractables
are chemical entities, both organic and inorganic, that will extract from
components of a container closure system or device into solvents under
controlled conditions.
|
F
|
Factory Acceptance Test (FAT): Factory
acceptance test is test conducted at the vendors premises, to verify that the
equipment/system operates according to the specifications.
|
Facility Establishment Identifier (FEI): The
FEI number is a unique identifier assigned by the FDA to identify firms
associated with FDA regulated products.
|
Fetotoxicity: Production
by a substance of toxic effects in progeny in the second period of pregnancy
between foetal stage and delivery.
|
Finished product: Finished product is a
product that has undergone all stages of production, including packaging in
its final container and labelling.
|
First-pass effect: Biotransformation
and, in some cases, elimination of a substance in the liver after absorption
from the intestine and before it reaches the systemic circulation.
|
Fixed Dose Combination(FDC): Fixed
Dose Combinations (FDCs) refer to products containing two or more active
ingredients used for a particular indication(s).
|
Flashing: Small extrusions that
appear around tablet periphery where the band meets the cups. It usually
flakes off during handling, dedusting or coating.
|
Fluid-bed dryer (FBD): A device that
dries powder using mechanical force and/or airflow to evaluate and aerate it,
increasing interstitial particle spacing and driving off
moisture.
|
Fluid bed granulation: The process of
spraying solution onto aerated powders to form granules.
|
Foil: Thin-gauge aluminium, usually 20 to 25
microns thick, that can be used as blister material,push-through lidstock,or
backing when combined with film or paper.
|
Forced Degradation : Forced
degradation testing studies are those undertaken to degrade the sample
deliberately. These studies, which may be undertaken in the
development phase normally on the drug substances, are used to evaluate the
overall photosensitivity of the material for method development purposes
and/or degradation pathway elucidation.
|
Form FDA 483: A form of
observations usually produced after an FDA inspection of a drug development
or drug manufacturing facility. Only significant deviations from cGMP are
listed and thus 483 observations are only negative.
|
Formulation: An
ingredient or mixture of specific ingredients; that is, drug substances and
excipients in specific amounts, defining a given product.
|
Friabilty: A measure of the resistance to
abrasion and breakage of tablets during a standardised test involving
tumbling tablets in a rotating drum. Details of the equipment and test
protocol are found in all main pharmacopoeia. A limit of not more than 1%
weight loss is generally taken to be a satisfactory measure of friability.
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G
|
GAMP: Good Automated Manufacturing Practice.
|
Gavage: Administration
of materials directly into the stomach by oesophageal intubation.
|
GCP: Good Clinical Practice.
|
GDP: Good Distribution Practice. That part of
quality assurance which ensures that products are consistently stored,
transported and handled under suitable conditions.
|
GDUFA: Generic Drug User Fee Amendments(Introduced
by USFDA).The Generic Drug User Fee Act is a law designed to speed access to
safe and effective generic drugs to the public, and reduce costs to industry.
|
Generally regarded as safe (GRAS): Phrase
used to describe the USFDA philosophy that justifies
approval of food additives that
may not meet the usual test criteria for safety but have been used extensively
and have not demonstrated that they cause any harm to consumers.
|
Generic Drug: A
drug for which the patents protecting the originator product have expired (or
may be challenged). Generic products are pharmaceutically equivalent to a
reference listed drug (same drug substance, same route of administration,
same dosage form and same strengths) and are also therapeutically equivalent
(typically bioequivalent for oral solid dosage forms).
|
Genetically modified organism (GMO):
A
genetically Modified Organism is an organism that has been modified by gene
technology; or an organism that has inherited particular traits from an
organism (the initial organism), being traits that occurred in the initial
organism because of gene technology; or anything declared by the regulations
to be a genetically modified organism, or that belongs to a class of things
declared by the regulations to be genetically modified organisms.
|
Genotoxic: Capable
of causing a change to the structure of the genome.
|
GLP: Good Laboratory Practice.
|
Glidants: Glidants are execipients used to
promote powder flow by reducing inter particle friction and cohesion. These
are used in combination with lubricants as they have no ability to reduce die
wall friction (ex: talc).
|
GLP: Good Laboratory Practices.
|
GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice. This is a
recognised standard for pharmaceutical processing and manufacture ensuring
medicinal products are consistently produced and controlled.
|
Gowning Qualification: Program which
establishes,both initially and on periodical basis,the capability of an
individual to done the complete sterile gown in aseptic manner.
|
Generic Product Identifier (GPI): Generic
Product Identifier (GPI) is a 14 character hierarchical classification system
which identifies drugs from their primary therapeutic use down to the unique
interchangeable product regardless of manufacturer or package size. The code
consists of seven subsets, each providing increasingly more specific information
about a drug available with a prescription in the US market.
|
Granulation: Granulation
is the process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form
larger, multi particle entities called granules. Granulation process is
an inevitable step in tablet manufacturing as it improves flow property and
compressibility of powder mass intended for compression.
|
Growth Promotion Test: Test performed to
demonstrate the ability of the microbial media to support microbial growth.
|
GxP: General abbreviation for Good Practice
standards.
Good
‘X’ Practice where ‘X’ is used as a collective term for GDP – Good
Distribution Practice, GCP – Good Clinical practice, GLP – Good Laboratory
Practice GMP – Good Manufacturing Practice GPvP – Good Pharmacovigilance
Practice.
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H
|
Hatch-Waxman Act: Also known as the Drug
Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984). Among other
provisions, created an abbreviated pathway for FDA approval of generic drug
products, statutory exclusivity provisions for new and patented drug
products, and a 180-day exclusivity period for ANDA filers that challenge
patents listed in the Orange Book.
|
HEPA Filter: High efficiency
particulate air filter with minimum 0.3 micron particle retaining efficiency
of 99.97%.
|
Hygroscopicity: A material’s
ability to absorb moisture from its surroundings.
|
Hypersensitivity: state in
which an individual reacts with allergic effects following exposure to a certain
substance (allergen) after having been exposed previously to the same substance.
|
HMI: Human to Machine Interface. Generic
expression for the device providing the platform to operate the GUI software.
|
I
|
ICH: International Council for Harmonization.
|
IND: Investigational New Drug.
|
International Non-Proprietary Name (INN): INN is
a unique name that is globally recognized and is public property. Since its
inception, the aim of the INN system has been to provide health professionals
with a unique and universally available designated name to identify each
pharmaceutical substance. The existence of an international nomenclature for
pharmaceutical substances, in the form of INN, is important for the clear
identification, safe prescription and dispensing of medicines to patients,
and for communication and exchange of information among health professionals
and scientists worldwide.
As
unique names, INNs have to be distinctive in sound and spelling, and should
not be liable to confusion with other names in common use. To make INN
universally available they are formally placed by WHO in the public domain,
hence their designation as "non-proprietary". They can be used
without any restriction whatsoever to identify pharmaceutical substances.
Another
important feature of the INN system is that the names of
pharmacologically-related substances demonstrate their relationship by using
a common "stem". By the use of common stems the medical
practitioner, the pharmacist, or anyone dealing with pharmaceutical products
can recognize that the substance belongs to a group of substances having
similar pharmacological activity.
Non-proprietary
names are intended for use in pharmacopoeias, labeling, product information,
advertising and other promotional material, medicine regulation and
scientific literature, and as a basis for product names, e.g. for generics.
Their use is normally required by national or, as in the case of the European
Community, by international legislation. As a result of ongoing
collaboration, national names such as British Approved Names (BAN),
Dénominations Communes Françaises (DCF), Japanese Adopted Names (JAN) and
United States Adopted Names (USAN) are nowadays, with rare exceptions,
identical to the INN.
To
avoid confusion, which could jeopardize the safety of patients, trade-marks
cannot be derived from INN and, in particular, must not include their common
stems.
|
Immediate (primary) pack: Is that
constituent of the packaging that is in direct contact with the drug
substance or drug product, and includes any appropriate label.
|
Impermeable containers: Containers that
provide a permanent barrier to the passage of gases or solvents, e.g., sealed
labelling tubes for semi-solids, sealed glass ampoules for solutions.
|
Immediate Release: Allows the drug
to dissolve in the gastrointestinal contents, with no intention of delaying
or prolonging the dissolution or absorption of the drug.
|
Impurity: Any
component of the new drug substance that is not the chemical entity defined
as the new drug substance.
|
Intermediate precision: Intermediate
precision expresses within-laboratories variations: different days, different
analysts, different equipment, etc.
|
Intermediate Product: Partially processed
product that must undergo further manufacturing steps before it becomes bulk
product.
|
Intermediate testing: Studies conducted
at 30°C/65% RH and designed to moderately increase the rate of chemical
degradation or physical changes for a drug substance or drug product intended
to be stored long term at 25°C.
|
International Organization Of Standardisation (ISO): ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest
developer and publisher of International Standards. ISO is a network of the
national standards institutes of 159 countries, one member per country, with
a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.
ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public
and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes are part
of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their
government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the
private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry
associations. Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions
that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society.
|
In-process tests: Tests which may
be performed during the manufacture of either the drug substance or drug
product, rather than as part of the formal battery of tests which are
conducted prior to release.
|
Installation Qualification (IQ): The
documented verification that the facilities, systems and equipment, as
installed or modified, comply with the approved design and the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
|
Intervention: Aseptic
manipulations or activity performed by a personnel that occurs within the
critical area.
|
Investigation new
drug application (INDA): It
is an application which is filed with FDA to get approval for legally testing
an experimental drug on human subjects in the USA.
|
In vitro:
In glass, as in a test tube. An in vitro
test is one that is done in glass or plastic vessels in the laboratory. In
vitro is the opposite of in vivo.
|
In vivo: In the
living organism. For example, an experiment that is done in vivo is done in
the body of a living organism.In vivo is the opposite of in vivo.
|
L
|
Lamination: The presence of weak planes in a compressed tablet
normal to the direction of compaction. On subsequent handling or processing
it is possible for the tablet to separate into layers along these weak
planes. Lamination may have the same causes as capping, or it may also be a
result of under lubrication of the tablet compression mix.
|
|
LD50: The dose of a material which results in 50%
mortality in an animal test.
|
Leachable: Leachables are chemical
entities, both organic and inorganic, that migrate from components of a
container closure system or device into a drug product over the course of its
shelf-life.
|
Lethal dose (LD): Amount of
a substance or physical agent (e.g., radiation) that causes death
when taken into the body.
|
Lidstock: Material used to seal blisters to prevent or
minimize moisture and/or gas permeation.
|
Line Clearence: Line clearance includes a careful examination of the area
and equipment before batch to batch or product to product change over to
avoid cross contamination.
|
Linearity: The linearity of an analytical procedure is
its ability (within a given range) to obtain test results which
are directly proportional to the concentration (amount) of analyte
in the sample.
|
Long term testing: Stability studies under the recommended
storage condition for the re-test period or shelf life proposed (or approved)
for labelling.
|
Lowest-effective dose (LED): Lowest dose of a chemical inducing a
specified effect in a specified fraction of exposed individuals.
|
Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
(LOAEL): Lowest concentration or amount of a substance (dose), found
by experiment or observation, that causes an adverse effect on
morphology,functional capacity, growth, development, or life span of a target
organism distinguishable from
normal (control) organisms of the
same species and strain under defined conditions of exposure.
|
Lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL): Lowest
concentration or amount of a substance (dose), found by experiment or
observation, that causes any alteration in morphology, functional capacity,
growth, development, or life span of target organisms distinguishable from
normal (control) organisms of the same species and strain under the same
defined conditions of exposure.
|
Lubricant: An excipient that is used in tablet and capsule
formulations to allow ejection of the compressed tablet from the die, or the
capsule plug from the dosator. Lubricants also act as anti-adherents to
prevent sticking of the tablet to the tablet punches during compression. By
far the most commonly used lubricant is magnesium stearate, although less
hydrophobic materials such as sodium stearyl fumarate are now available.
Other lubricants include calcium stearate and mixtures of talc and stearic
acid. Options to minimise the need for tablet lubrication include the use of
coated punches in compression and tablet machine developments that add very
small quantities of lubricants directly to the punches during tableting.
|
Lyophilization: A process by which
material is rapidly frozen and dehydrated under high vacuum.
|
M
|
MA: Marketing
Authorisation. This is the European licensing system for medicines that
replaced the Product Licence (PL) system.
|
Marketing
authorisation application (MAA): Is an application (to the relevant authority ;
typically the UK’s MHRA or the European Commission’s Committee for Medicinal
Products for Human Use (CHMP) to market a drug or medicine. The
U.S. Food and Drug Administration equivalent of Marketing
authorisation application (MAA) is a New Drug Application (NDA).
|
MAH: Marketing
Authorisation Holder.
|
Marketing Pack: Marketing pack is
the combination of immediate pack and other secondary packaging such as a
carton.
|
Mass balance: The process of adding together the assay value and
levels of degradation products to see how closely these add up to 100% of the
initial value, with due consideration of the margin of analytical error.
|
Material safety data sheet (MSDS): Compilation of information required under the U.S.
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard on the identity of hazardous substances,
health and physical hazards, exposure limits, and precautions.
|
Matrixing: The design of a stability schedule such that a selected
subset of the total number of possible samples for all factor combinations is
tested at a specified time point. At a subsequent time point, another subset
of samples for all factor combinations is tested. The design assumes that the
stability of each subset of samples tested represents the stability of all
samples at a given time point. The differences in the samples for the same
drug product should be identified as, for example, covering different
batches, different strengths, different sizes of the same container closure
system, and, possibly in some cases, different container closure systems.
|
Maximum permissible daily dose (MPDD): Maximum daily dose of substance whose penetration into
a human body during a lifetime will not cause diseases or health hazards that
can be detected by current investigation methods and will not adversely
affect future generations.
|
Maximum tolerable dose (MTD): Highest amount of a substance that, when introduced
into the body, does not kill test animals (denoted by LD0).
|
Maximum tolerable exposure level
(MTEL): Maximum amount (dose) or
concentration of a substance to which an organism can be exposed without
leading to an adverse effect after prolonged exposure time.
|
Maximum tolerated dose (MTD): High dose used in chronic toxicity testing that is
expected on the basis of an adequate sub chronic study to produce limited
toxicity when administered for the duration of the test period.
|
Mean kinetic
temperature: A single
derived temperature that, if maintained over a defined period of time,
affords the same thermal challenge to a drug substance or drug product as
would be experienced over a range of both higher and lower temperatures for
an equivalent defined period. The mean kinetic temperature is higher than the
arithmetic mean temperature and takes into account the Arrhenius equation.
When establishing the mean kinetic temperature for a defined period, the
formula of J. D. Haynes (J. Pharm. Sci., 60:927-929, 1971) can be
used.
|
Media Fill: A “media fill” (sometimes known as a “process
simulation”) is the performance of an aseptic manufacturing procedure using a
sterile microbiological growth medium in place of the drug solution.
Microbiological growth medium is used in place of the drug solution during
media fills to test whether the aseptic procedures are adequate to prevent
contamination during actual drug production. A media fill is one part of the
validation of an aseptic manufacturing process.
|
Median lethal dose
(LD50): Statistically derived median dose of a
chemical or physical agent (radiation) expected to kill 50% of organisms in a
given population under a defined set of conditions.
|
Medication Guide: A medication guide contains information for patients
on how to safely use a drug product.
|
Metadata: Metadata are data that describe the
attributes of other data and provide context and meaning and form an integral part of original
records. An audit trail record is an example of metadata.
|
MHRA: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.
|
Milling: The process of de-agglomerating or reducing the
particle size of powders manually or by machine.
|
Modified Release: Dosage forms whose drug-release characteristics of
time course and/or location are chosen to accomplish therapeutic or
convenience objectives not offered by conventional dosage forms such as a
solution or an immediate release dosage form. Modified release solid oral
dosage forms include both delayed and extended release drug products.
|
Moisture vapour
transmission rate (MVTR): The
amount of humidity that passes through packaging film or foil over a unit of
time and under specific environmental conditions.
|
Mottling: ‘Mottling’ is the term used to describe an unequal
distribution of colour on a tablet, with light or dark spots standing out in
an otherwise uniform surface.
|
Mutagenicity: ability of a physical, chemical, or biological
agent to induce (or generate) heritable
changes (mutations) in the genotype in a cell as a consequence of
alterations or loss of genes or
chromosomes (or parts thereof).
|
N
|
New Drug Application
(NDA): The process by which a pharmaceutical company
requests permission to manufacture and sell a new drug in the USA. The NDA
differs from the ANDA in that it contains extensive data on safety and
efficacy of the proposed new drug.
|
National Formulary: Published by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP), a private nonprofit organization,
the National Formulary is the official compendium of standards for
drugs, excipients, dietary supplements, and vitamins and minerals.
The USPNF defines standards of strength, quality, purity, identity,
packaging, labeling, and storage, and describes and defines the appropriate
tests, assays, and analytical methods that are used to measure strength, purity,
and so forth.
|
NDC: National Drug Code. A numeric code that uniquely
identifies drug products. The code includes three segments that identify the
labeler, the product, and the packaging.
|
No-effect level (NEL): Maximum dose (of a substance) that produces no
detectable changes under defined conditions of exposure.
|
New molecular
entity: An active pharmaceutical substance not previously
contained in any drug product registered with the national or regional
authority concerned. A new salt, ester, or non-covalent-bond
derivative of an approved drug substance is considered a new molecular entity
for the purpose of stability testing under this guidance.
|
No-observed-effect level (NOEL): Greatest concentration or amount of a substance,
found by
experiment or observation, that causes no alterations of morphology,
functional capacity, growth,
development, or life span of target organisms distinguishable from
those observed in normal
(control) organisms of the same species and strain under the same
defined conditions of
exposure.
|
No-observed-adverse-effect level
(NOAEL): Greatest
concentration or amount of a substance,
found by experiment or observation, which causes no detectable adverse
alteration of
morphology, functional capacity, growth, development, or life span of
the target organism under
defined conditions of exposure.
|
Non Condensable Gas: Gases which
cannot be liquefied by compressron under the range of conditions of
temperature and pressure used during the operating cycle.
|
NRx: New Prescriptions.
|
Non viable: A term used in
reference to particulates, which are not capable of living, growing or
developing and functioning successfully –“unable to divide”
|
O
|
Operational Qualification (OQ):The
documented verification that the facilities, systems and equipment, as
installed or modified, perform as intended throughout the anticipated
operating ranges.
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Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODI): An
ODT is a dosage form designed to disintegrate or dissolve quickly in the
mouth without the need for water and without chewing. In general the tablet
should disintegrate within 30 seconds when tested using standard
pharmacopoeial disintegration apparatus, or another correlated disintegration
test method.
|
Orange Book: “The Orange Book" is actually the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration's (FDA) official listing of Approved Drug Products with
Therapeutic Equivalences. “Orange
book” is published by the FDA's Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER).
|
Orange Guide: “Orange guide” is
published by MHRA. Alternative title for the “Rules and Guidance for
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors” because of its orange cover. “Orange
guide” contains the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice (It
contains EU guidance on good manufacturing and good distribution practice
along with relevant information on EU and UK legislation).
|
Orphan Drugs: "Orphan drugs" are medicinal products intended for
diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or debilitating rare
diseases. They are "orphans" because the pharmaceutical industry
has little interest under normal market conditions in developing and
marketing drugs intended for only a small number of patients suffering from
very rare conditions.
|
Out of specification (OOS): Test result that does not comply with the pre-determined
acceptance criteria (i.e. for example, filed applications, drug master files,
approved marketing submissions, or official compendia or internal acceptance
criteria).
|
Out of trend (OOT): Is generally a stability result that does not follow the expected
trend, either in comparison with other stability batches or with respect to
previous results collected during a stability study. However the trends of
starting materials and in-process samples may also yield out of trend data.
|
Overage : Increased content of drug substance,
usually due to loss of potency on storage.
|
Over Fill: Increased
volume of drug product to account for loss during delivery.
|
Over the counter drugs (OTC):
Over-the-counter medicines are medicines that can be sold from licensed dealers
without professional supervision and without prescription. These medicines
are suitable for self medication for minor disease and symptoms.
|
Oxygen transmission rate (OTR): The
amount of oxygen that passes through packaging film or foil over a unit of
time and under specific environmental conditions.
|
P
|
PAS: Prior Approval Suppliment
|
Paragraph 4 Filings: A
type of ANDA submitted during the patent term of the originator product. The
filing asserts that either the patents supporting the originator product are
invalid or that they are not applicable to the product that is the subject of
the ANDA.
|
Parametric Release: A
sterility release system based upon effective control, monitoring,
documentation, and batch records review of a validated sterilization process
cycle in lieu of release procedures based upon end product sterility testing.
|
Performance Qualification (PQ): The
documented verification that the facilities, systems and equipment, as
connected together, can perform effectively and reproducibly,
based on the approved process method and product specification.
|
Pharmacopoea: Pharmacopoeia is a book or encyclopedia of Drugs Standards,
their formulas, Methods for making medicinal preparations and other related
information's which is published under the jurisdiction of government body.
|
Pharmacodynamics: The study of the
biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their
actions, including the correlation of their actions and effects with their
chemical structures.
|
Pharmacokinetics: The study of the
movement of drugs in the body, including the processes of absorption,
distribution, and localization in tissues.
|
Pharmacovigilance: Pharmacovigilance is
the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment,
understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related
problems.
|
PIC: Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention. An
international organisation which mutually recognises inspection reports on
manufacturers (excludes EC members).
|
PICS: Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation
Scheme. The scheme’s goal is to improve cooperation between regulatory
authorities and the pharmaceutical industry in the field of Good
Manufacturing Practice.
|
Picking: A imperfection caused by powders
sticking to a punch surface during tabletting.
|
Pilot scale batch: A batch of a drug
substance or drug product manufactured by a procedure fully representative of
and simulating that to be applied to a full production scale batch. For solid
oral dosage forms, a pilot scale is generally, at a minimum, one-tenth that
of a full production scale or 100,000 tablets or capsules, whichever is the
larger.
|
Pill Burden: Pill burden is a term that refers to the number of pills
(tablets or capsules, the most common dosage forms) that a patient takes on a
regular basis.
|
Placebo: A product which stimulates the
marketable product but has no active ingredient present.
|
PLAIR: Pre Launch Activities Importation Requests.
USFDA’s PLAIR program allows the foreign
drug product manufacturer for the importation of an unapproved finished
dosage form drug product (no more than 60 days prior to anticipated approval
or goal date) in preparation for market launch. [Based on anticipated
approval of a pending new drug application (NDA) or an abbreviated new drug
application (ANDA)].
|
Polymorphic
Forms: Different crystalline forms of the same drug
substance. These can include hydration products (also known as
pseudo-polymorphs) and amorphous forms.
|
Potential
Impurity: An impurity that
theoretically can arise during manufacture or storage. It may or may not
actually appear in the new drug substance.
|
Precision: The
precision of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of agreement
(degree of scatter) between a series of measurements obtained from multiple
sampling of the same homogeneous sample under the prescribed conditions.
Precision may be considered at three levels: repeatability,
intermediate precision and reproducibility.Precision should be
investigated using homogeneous, authentic samples. However, if it is not
possible to obtain a homogeneous sample it may be investigated using
artificially prepared samples or a sample solution.The precision of an
analytical procedure is usually expressed as the variance, standard deviation
or coefficient of variation of a series of measurements.
|
Preventive
Action: Action to eliminate the cause of a potential
non-conformity or other undesirable potential situation. NOTE: Preventive
action is taken to prevent occurrence whereas corrective action is taken to
prevent recurrence. (ISO 9000:2005)
|
Primary
batch: A batch of a drug substance or drug product used in a
formal stability study, from which stability data are submitted in a
registration application for the purpose of establishing a re-test period or
shelf life, respectively. A primary batch of a drug substance
should be at least a pilot scale batch. For a drug product, two of
the three batches should be at least pilot scale batch, and the third batch
can be smaller if it is representative with regard to the critical manufacturing
steps. However, a primary batch may be a production batch.
|
Probiotics: Probiotics are
live microorganisms or microbial mixtures administered to improve the
patient's microbial balance, particularly the environment of the
gastrointestinal tract and the vagina.Probiotics have demonstrated an ability
to prevent and treat some infections.Probiotics can be bacteria,moulds or
yeast.Commonly used bacterial strains are Lactobacillus &
Bifidobacterium.Commonly used yeast strain is Saccharomyces boulardii.
|
Process Analytical technology (PAT):A
system for designing,analyzing and controlling manufacturing through timely
measurements critical quality and performance attributes of raw and inprocess
materials and processes with the goal of ensuring final product quality.
|
Process-Related
Impurities: Impurities that are derived from the manufacturing
process. They may be derived from cell substrates (e.g., host cell
proteins, host cell DNA), cell culture (e.g., inducers, antibiotics, or media
components), or downstream processing (e.g., processing reagents or column
leachables).
|
Product-Related
Impurities: Molecular variants of the desired product (e.g.,
precursors, certain degradation products arising during manufacture and/or
storage) which do not have properties comparable to those of the desired
product with respect to activity, efficacy, and safety.
|
Process Validation: The documented evidence
that the process, operated within established parameters, can
perform
effectively and reproducibly to produce a medicinal product meeting its
predetermined specifications and quality attributes.
|
Production batch: A batch of a drug
substance or drug product manufactured at production scale by using
production equipment in a production facility as specified in the application.
|
Pyrogen: Substance which induces febrile reactions in a
patient.
|
Purple Book: A compendium identifying biological products, including any biosimilar
and interchangeable biological products, licensed by the FDA under the Public
Health Service Act. Comparable to the Orange Book.
|
Pure Steam: Steam whose condensate complies with the ompendia
monograph, water for injection (WFI).
|
Q
|
Quality
Assurance (QA): The sum total of the organised arrangements made with
the object of ensuring that all APIs are of the quality required for their
intended use and that quality systems are maintained.
|
Quality by Design (QbD): A
systematic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and
emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on
sound science and quality risk management.
|
Qualification: Action
of proving and documenting that equipment or ancillary systems are properly
installed, work correctly, and actually lead to the expected
results. Qualification is part of validation, but the individual
qualification steps alone do not constitute process validation.
|
QP:
Qualified
Person. A QP must certify every batch of a medicine before release to
the EU market. Article 51 of Directive 2001/83/EC defines the duties of the Qualified
Person and more information can be found in the Orange Guide.
|
QRM:
Quantitative
Risk Management
|
Qualification
Threshold: A limit above (>) which an impurity should be
qualified.
|
Quality Manual: Document specifying the quality management system of
an organisation. (ISO 9000:2005)
|
Quality Risk Management: A
systematic process for the assessment, control, communication, and review of
risks to the quality of the drug product across the product lifecycle.
|
Quality System: The
sum of all aspects of a system that implements quality policy and ensures
that quality objectives are met.
|
Quantitation
Limit: The quantitation limit of an individual
analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be
quantitatively determined with suitable precision and accuracy. The
quantitation limit is a parameter of quantitative assays for low levels of
compounds in sample matrices, and is used particularly for the determination
of impurities and/or degradation products.
|
Quarantine: The status of materials isolated physically or by
other effective means pending a decision on their subsequent approval or
rejection.
|
R
|
Range: The range of an analytical procedure is the
interval between the upper and lower concentration (amounts) of analyte in
the sample (including these concentrations) for which it has been
demonstrated that the analytical procedure has a suitable level of precision,
accuracy and linearity.
|
Rapporteur: A member of the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal
Products who provides expert evaluation.
|
Raw data (source data): The original record (data) which can be described as
the first-capture of information, whether
recorded on paper or electronically.
|
Raw Material: A general term used to denote starting materials,
reagents, and solvents intended for use in the production of intermediates or
APIs.
|
Recovery: The introduction of all or part of previous batches
of the required quality into another batch at a defined stage of manufacture.
|
Reconcilation: Comparing the total number of an item accounted for against
the number or quantity of the item at the beginning of the process to
determine the difference (Comparison between the theoretical quantity and the
actual quantity).
|
Reference Listed Drug
(RLD): Reference listed product is an approved drug
product to which new generic versions are compared to show that they are
bioequivalent.
|
Reference Standard,
Primary: A substance that has been shown by an extensive set
of analytical tests to be authentic material that should be of high
purity. This standard can be: (1) obtained from an officially
recognised source, or (2) prepared by independent synthesis, or (3) obtained
from existing production material of high purity, or (4) prepared by further
purification of existing production material.
|
Reference Standard,
Secondary: A substance of established quality and purity, as
shown by comparison to a primary reference standard, used as a reference
standard for routine laboratory analysis.
|
REMS: Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy. A
post-approval monitoring program required by the USFDA for certain drugs.
|
Relative humidity : The ratio of the
actual water vapour pressure of the air to the saturated water vapour
pressure of the air at the same temperature expressed as a percentage. More
simply put, it is the ratio of the mass of moisture in the air, relative to
the mass at 100% moisture saturation, at a given temperature.
|
Repeatability: Repeatability
expresses the precision under the same operating conditions over a short
interval of time. Repeatability is also termed intra-assay precision .
|
Reprocessing: Introducing an intermediate or API, including one
that does not conform to standards or specifications, back into the process
and repeating a crystallization step or other appropriate chemical or
physical manipulation steps (e.g., distillation, filtration, chromatography,
milling) that are part of the established manufacturing
process. Continuation of a process step after an in-process
control test has shown that the step is incomplete is considered to be part
of the normal process, and not reprocessing.
|
Reproducibility: Reproducibility expresses the precision
between laboratories (collaborative studies, usually applied to
standardization of methodology).
|
Residual Solvent: Residual solvents in pharmaceuticals are organic
volatile chemicals that are used or produced in the manufacture of drug
substances or excipients, or in the preparation of drug products.
|
Re-test date: The date after which samples of the drug substance
should be examined to ensure that the material is still in compliance with
the specification and thus suitable for use in the manufacture of a given
drug product.
|
Re-test period: The period of time during which the drug substance
is expected to remain within its specification and, therefore, can be used in
the manufacture of a given drug product, provided that the drug substance has
been stored under the defined conditions. After this period, a batch of drug
substance destined for use in the manufacture of a drug product should be
re-tested for compliance with the specification and then used immediately. A
batch of drug substance can be re-tested multiple times and a different
portion of the batch used after each re-test, as long as it continues to
comply with the specification. For most
biotechnological/biological substances known to be labile, it is more
appropriate to establish a shelf life than a re-test period. The same may be
true for certain antibiotics.
|
Retrospective Validation: Validation
of a process for a product which has been marketed based upon accumulated
manufacturing, testing and control batch data.
|
Revalidation: Repeated validation of
an approved process to ensure continued compliance with established
requirements.
|
Reworking: Subjecting an intermediate or API that does not
conform to standards or specifications to one or more processing steps that
are different from the established manufacturing process to obtain acceptable
quality intermediate or API (e.g., recrystallizing with a different solvent).
|
Risk Assessment: A
systematic process of organizing information to support a risk decision to be
made within a risk management process. It consists of the identification of
hazards and the analysis and evaluation of risks associated with exposure to
those hazards.
|
Risk Management: The
systematic application of quality management policies, procedures, and
practices to the tasks of assessing, controlling, communicating, and
reviewing risk
|
Robustness: The
robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain
unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters and
provides an indication of its reliability during normal usage.
|
Roller Compaction: A dry granulation process in which a powder
blend is passed through rollers under pressure to form a ribbon. The ribbon
is milled into granules, optionally blended with extra granular excipients
and recompressed into tablets or filled into capsules.
|
RTR: Refuse to receive (Refuse to file an ANDA application)
When an applicant submits an ANDA to USFDA, OGD
(Office of Generic Drugs) first conducts a review to determine whether the
application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. OGD
refers to this period as the filing review. The filing review takes
approximately 60 days from the ANDA’s receipt date to complete it. If the
submitted application is not complete or any deficiencies are identified,
then "refuse to file letter" is issued by the OGD/CDER to the
applicant.
|
S
|
Saturated steam: Steam whose
temperature, at any given pressure, corresponds to that of the vaporisation
curve of water.
|
Scale Up: The process of converting a small
volume process to large - volume production
|
Screening: The process of reducing agglomerates,
sorting particles by size and removing oversized particles and contaminants
using a woven metal screen or perforated plate.
|
Semi-permeable
containers: Containers that allow the passage of solvent,
usually water, while preventing solute loss. The mechanism for
solvent transport occurs by absorption into one container surface, diffusion
through the bulk of the container material, and desorption from the other
surface. Transport is driven by a partial-pressure
gradient. Examples of semi-permeable containers include plastic
bags and semi-rigid, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pouches for large volume
parenterals (LVPs), and LDPE ampoules, bottles, and vials.
|
Serialization: Serialization refers to a numerical system that assigns a unique number
or identification code to each packaging unit. A serialization scheme is
built around a code structure that typically identifies the manufacturer, the
product type, and each specific item unit.
|
Shelf life (also
referred to as expiration dating period):
The time period during which a drug product is
expected to remain within the approved shelf life specification, provided
that it is stored under the conditions defined on the container label.
|
Shingle: An effect caused by tablets stacking
or backing up on the die table during the ejection instead of them pushing
each other of the tablet press.
|
Site Acceptance Test (SAT): An Acceptance Test at
the Customer's site, usually involving the Customer.
|
Slugging: A
form of dry granulation, somewhat similar to roller compaction. In slugging
however a powder blend is first compressed on a tablet machine and the
resulting, usually large, tablets (slugs) are milled, optionally reblended
with more excipients, and recompressed into tablets. Alternatively the milled
slugs are sometimes filled into capsules.
|
Specification: A list of tests, references to analytical
procedures, and appropriate acceptance criteria which are numerical limits,
ranges, or other criteria for the tests described. It establishes the set of
criteria to which a drug substance or drug product should conform to be
considered acceptable for its intended use. “Conformance to specifications”
means that the drug substance and / or drug product, when tested according to
the listed analytical procedures, will meet the listed acceptance criteria.
Specifications are critical quality standards that are proposed and justified
by the manufacturer and approved by regulatory authorities.
|
Specificity: Specificity
is the ability to assess unequivocally the analyte in the presence of
components which may be expected to be present. Typically these might include
impurities, degradants, matrix, etc.Lack of specificity of an individual
analytical procedure may be compensated by other supporting analytical
procedure(s).
This
definition has the following implications:
Identification:
To ensure the identity of an analyte.
|
Purity Tests: to ensure
that all the analytical procedures performed allow an accurate
statement of the content of impurities of an analyte, i.e. related
substances test, heavy metals, residual solvents content, etc.
|
Assay
(content or potency): to provide an exact result which allows an accurate
statement on the content or potency of the analyte in a sample
|
|
Specified
Impurity: An impurity that is individually listed and
limited with a specific acceptance criterion in the new drug substance
specification. A specified impurity can be either identified or unidentified.
|
Spore: A
bacterial form highly resistant to adverse conditions.
|
Stability: Ability
of a material to maintain a stated property value within specified limits for
a specified period of time, when stored under specified conditions.
|
Standard operating procedure (SOP): An
authorized written procedure, giving instructions for performing operations,
not necessarily specific to a given product or material, but of a more
general nature, (e.g. equipment operation, maintenance and cleaning,
validation, cleaning of premises and environmental control, sampling and
inspection). Certain SOPs may be used to supplement product-specific master and
batch production documentation.
|
Starting
Material: A material used in the synthesis of a new drug
substance that is incorporated as an element into the structure of an
intermediate and/or of the new drug substance. Starting materials are
normally commercially available and of defined chemical and physical
properties and structure.
|
Sterile: Free
of any viable organisms (Absence of life).
|
Sterility Assurance
Level (SAL): Probability
of a single viable microorganisms occurring in an item.
|
Sterilization: A process used to render a product free of viable
organisms with a specified probability.
|
Sterilization in place (SIP): Sterilization
in place or Steam in place (SIP) is a method used to clean or disinfect
process equipment and piping without disassembly. The SIP process can be done
manually or automated through the control system.
|
Sticking: Adhesion
of a powder to the faces of a punch during tablet compaction. Causes are
various and include low melting components in a compression mix, inadequate
drying of a granulation, and inadequate lubrication of the compression mix.
Additionally poor punch maintenance can contribute to sticking. The remedies
are generally evident from the causes, but if low melting components cannot
be excluded from a formulation then specially coated tablet punches may be a
solution. Occasionally changes to the punch design (for example reducing the
depth of concavity) may alleviate the problem.
|
Storage condition
tolerances: The acceptable variations in temperature and
relative humidity of storage facilities for formal stability studies. The
equipment should be capable of controlling the storage condition within the
ranges defined in this guideline. The actual temperature and humidity (when
controlled) should be monitored during stability storage. Short term spikes
due to opening of doors of the storage facility are accepted as unavoidable.
The effect of excursions due to equipment failure should be addressed, and
reported if judged to affect stability results. Excursions that exceed the
defined tolerances for more than 24 hours should be described in the study
report and their effect assessed.
|
Stress testing (drug
substance): Studies undertaken to elucidate the intrinsic
stability of the drug substance. Such testing is part of the development
strategy and is normally carried out under more severe conditions than those
used for accelerated testing.
|
Stress testing (drug
product): Studies undertaken to assess the effect of severe
conditions on the drug product. Such studies include photostability
testing (see ICH Q1B) and specific testing on certain products, (e.g.,
metered dose inhalers, creams, emulsions, refrigerated aqueous liquid
products).
|
Super heated steam: Steam whose temperature, at a given pressure, is
higher than that indicated by the equilibration curve for the vaporization of
water.
|
Supplement: A
supplement is an application to allow a company to make changes in a product
that already has an approved new drug application (NDA). CDER must approve
all important NDA changes (in packaging or ingredients, for instance) to
ensure the conditions originally set for the product are still met.
|
Surfactant: A substance that decreases the surface tension of a
liquid.
|
Sustained release: A method of drug delivery by which API release occurs
over an extended period after administration. The method reduces dosing
frequency compared to a traditional method such as immediate release.
|
T
|
Therapeutic
Equivalence (TE): Drugs
classified by the FDA to be therapeutically equivalent can be substituted for
one another. For example, generic drugs are typically given “AB” TE codes,
which indicate substitutability with a reference product has been
demonstrated through evidence supplied via the ANDA.
|
Tentative approval letter for an ANDA: A written communication to an applicant from FDA
delaying the approval of an application or an abbreviated application by an
effective date. A tentative approval letter is issued to the
applicant if the application is submitted for approval before the expiration
of any patents or exclusivities granted to the original, brand-name
product. The tentative approval letter delays final approval of the
application until all patent or exclusivity issues have been resolved.
|
Teratogenicity: The occurrence of structural malformations in a
developing foetus when a substance is administered during pregnancy.
|
Terminal
sterilization: A
process whereby product is sterilized with its sterile barrier system.
|
Thermoforming: Thermoforming is a
technique that involves heating sheets of PVC prior to insertion into a
blister machine. This is typically achieved by passing the sheets between
upper and lower heating plates. When a sheet enters a thermoforming blister
machine, it is soft and pliable and can be forced to take on the shape of a
mold through the application of pressure. In some cases, a mechanical stamp
will be used in addition to the application of pressure, particularly when
the shape of the mold is difficult or complex.
|
Tincture: A medicine consisting of an extract in alcohol
solution.
|
TOC: Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount
of carbon bound in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator
of water
quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical
manufacturing equipment.
|
Toxicity: An adverse event produced by a medicine that is detrimental to
the subject’s health. The level of toxicity associated with a medicine varies
with the condition for which the medicine is used.
|
Track & Trace: It is a system capable of uniquely identify a
specific product within the complete supply chain in both the directions
(manufacturer to end-user and vice versa).
|
Transmissible
Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE): TSE is a
neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions. Although these infections usually remain
asymptomatic for years, the disease is always progressive and fatal once the
clinical signs develop.
|
Twininng: The bonding of tablets with large, flat
surfaces during the coating process.
|
U
|
Uniformity of dosage Forms: A
measure of the degree of uniformity of the amount of active substance in
individual dosage units (for example individual tablets or capsules). For
uncoated tablets, film coated tablets and hard capsules containing at least
25mg of drug substance and the drug substance is at least 25% of the dosage
form, then variation in weight may be used as a measure of uniformity. For
other solid oral dosage forms then individual unit assays are necessary.
Specific details are given in major pharmacopoeia.
|
Unidentified
Impurity: An impurity for which a structural characterisation has
not been achieved and that is defined solely by qualitative analytical
properties (e.g., chromatographic retention time).
|
Unspecified
impurity: An impurity that is limited by a general acceptance
criterion, but not individually listed with its own specific acceptance
criterion, in the new drug substance specification.
|
Untitled
letter: Untitled letter is issued by USFDA for violations that
are not as significant as those that trigger warning letters.
|
User
Requirement Specification (URS): A formal document that list
out all requirements of buyer regarding the equipment to be purchased. It is
sent to equipment manufacturer to make it as desired criteria.
|
V
|
Variation: An amendment to an existing product licence by a
licence holder or the licensing authority
|
Validation: A documented program that provides a high degree of
assurance that a specific process, method, or system will consistently
produce a result meeting pre-determined acceptance criteria.
|
Validation Master Plan(VMP): Validation
master plan is a high-level document which establishes an umbrella validation
plan for the entire project, and is used as guidance by the project team for
resource and technical planning
|
Viable: Capable of living
|
Viscosity: The measurement of a materials
resistance to flow.
|
W
|
Warning Letter: The Warning Letter is a document that usually originates from
the FDA-483 observations that have been linked to citations by one or more
legal reviews within the Compliance and legal branch of the FDA. Warning
letters are issued for violations of “regulatory significance”
|
Water for Injection (WFI): Water, which is
intended for use in the preparations of parenteral solutions.WFI
is produced by distillation or a purification process that is equivalent or
superior to distillation in the removal of chemicals and microorganisms.
|
Wet Granulation: A
means of granulation of powders using water or other liquid to agglomerate
powders into granules, and drying the granules. The process fixes API and
excipients into a granular form that helps to prevent segregation of the
components, that aids flow of there powders, and allows the incorporation of
binders to improve compactability. The granulation step and the drying step
may be performed consecutively (typically using high shear granulation and
fluid bed drying) or concurrently (typically using fluid bed granulation).
Continuous wet granulation is increasingly being used to aid throughput in
pharmaceutical processing factories.
|
WHO: World Health Organisation.
|
Y
|
Yield, Expected: The quantity of material or the percentage of
theoretical yield anticipated at any appropriate phase of production based on
previous laboratory, pilot scale, or manufacturing data.
|
Yield, Theoretical: The quantity that would be produced at any
appropriate phase of production, based upon the quantity of material to be
used, in the absence of any loss or error in actual production.
|
Z
|
Z- Value: The number of degrees of temperature
change necessary to change the D-value by factor of 10.
|